Ayandeh School

Project idea

Brief Description of the Concept and Architectural Design of the Project:
Considering the project’s definition as an elementary school, the planning and design process evolved in such a way that it would not simply be defined as an ordinary school. The project includes multiple functions and provides additional services through both indoor and outdoor spaces. This school is located in the Kerman province, which has a hot and dry climate, and special attention was given to factors such as sunlight, temperature, and vegetation. One of the design patterns used in this project is the Iranian "Chahar Bagh" (Four-Garden) layout. Each of these approaches reflects the historical context of the Kerman region. For instance, the Chahar Bagh layout was inspired by the Prince’s Garden (Bagh-e Shahzadeh) in Mahan, Kerman, and this pattern is integrated with other design elements, such as the central courtyard and the use of local materials. The aim of this design approach was to create an introverted volume, where the interplay of solid and void spaces, coupled with shade and semi-shade management, would lead to an environment that is both usable and responsive to the local climate. The central courtyard and the surrounding vegetation, which acts as a filter for air, are essential to this design. The introverted form also allows for indirect light penetration while preventing direct sunlight exposure, thus reducing energy consumption. Detailed information regarding energy considerations, including planning, forecasting, and design strategies, is provided in the energy section.

Project description

In alignment with the current theoretical framework of the project, which emphasizes highlighting the importance of children, the design and planning process incorporated the idea of placing a ring at the highest point of the school. This serves, first, as a symbolic feature and, second, as a visual element that promotes spatial unity. The positioning of the ring also draws attention to the students, emphasizing their importance. This design pattern helps create a visual connection between the exterior and the interior of the school. The ring, positioned based on elevation codes, allows for a view from both inside the school to the outside and vice versa, while ensuring the protection of student activities according to CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) principles. The school buildings are divided into four sections, each with two floors—either two above-ground floors or one basement level and one above-ground level.
Explanation of New Technologies Used in the Project and Their Impact on Architecture:
The operation of buildings contributes to nearly one-third of global energy consumption and a similar share of greenhouse gas emissions. In Iran, energy consumption by buildings accounts for over 40% of the total energy use in the country. Today, environmental concerns, fuel conservation, and sustainable development have become crucial and widespread topics at the international level. The building envelope, as the outermost layer of a building that interacts the most with environmental factors, plays a significant role.

Technical information

Intelligent Movable Fabric
In this project, we designed intelligent shades integrated as fabric patterns into the external structure to prevent unwanted solar radiation during the hot months. These shades move and adjust their orientation according to the sun's path and, during warmer periods, can reduce the amount of interior lighting by up to one-third, thereby decreasing cooling loads and maintaining the lighting levels close to standard requirements. In colder seasons, these shades open up to allow sunlight to enter the building. Simultaneously, the aesthetic aspect of these shades, inspired by Iranian geometric patterns, contributes to their visual appeal. These intelligent shades are operated via a Building Management System (BMS), allowing easy control from outside the space. The shades can be programmed to open or close at specific times, adding to the advantages of the smart shading system implemented in this project. The sensors within these shades can detect sunlight and shadow, and based on their programming, they decide to open when sunlight is detected. The shades' design draws inspiration from the primary structure of the building, which avoids sharp corners to ensure the safety and comfort of children. The shades are made of aluminum and fiberglass, with dimensions of 90 cm in width and 8.64 cm in height, colored in yellow and black to create harmony between the interior and exterior spaces of the site. The choice of these colors aims to evoke joy, optimism, sociability, hope, and energy qualities aligned with the characteristics of childhood. Additionally, movable façades complementing these shades are incorporated, along with a retractable, intelligent fabric roof over the sports area. This roof operates according to.
BMS (Building Management System)
In this project, a Building Management System (BMS) is employed to oversee and monitor building activities and, when necessary, automatically apply changes based on environmental conditions. This system is designed and implemented to accommodate buildings used for office, sports, school, and service purposes, overseeing all activities such as the opening and closing of doors, entry and exit of individuals (CCTV surveillance), lighting systems, HVAC systems, windows and curtains, and audio-visual systems.
Benefits of Using the BMS in This Project:
Energy Savings and Cost Reduction: The smart system can reduce building energy consumption and operational costs by an average of 20%. This system not only lowers energy usage by controlling and turning off devices but also reduces wear and tear, increases device longevity, and minimizes related costs. Safety: In critical situations, the system can play an effective role in preventing incidents and mitigating their impact by promptly sending alerts. It automatically sends emergency notifications to individuals or relevant authorities. Additionally, integrating door and entry point control with CCTV and access recording devices significantly enhances system safety. Increased Comfort and Convenience: The BMS can autonomously perform repetitive tasks and necessary inspections. For instance, it can turn on lights and fan coil units when occupants are present, automate green space irrigation, and activate predefined modes with the press of a single button. It can also maintain optimal temperature, lighting, and humidity levels in spaces. A building equipped with a BMS is known as an intelligent building. This system allows residents to use facilities more efficiently, enhancing their sense of security and comfort while contributing to energy conservation. Such buildings integrate four key elements systems, structure, service, and management—to create a dynamic and cost-effective environment.
Thermochromic Windows
In designing this project with an inward-focused layout, continuous windows were used to ensure adequate lighting for interior spaces. Considering the hot and dry climate of Kerman Province, fewer operable windows were utilized to reduce heat and enhance cooling during summer. To further reduce energy consumption, thermochromic glass was employed. This type of glass changes color based on temperature, thereby minimizing direct sunlight exposure and helping maintain indoor coolness. Thermochromic systems consist of a specialized layer between two sheets of glass, containing pigments that change color with temperature fluctuations. The physical properties of this layer vary depending on thermal conditions. When the temperature exceeds the design threshold, the glass becomes opaque; when it falls below the threshold, the glass remains transparent. The transition between these states occurs automatically.
Solar Panels
The solar panels installed on the roof are intelligent and follow the sun’s path due to their movable nature, optimizing energy absorption. Functionality: Solar panels capture renewable energy and convert it into electricity, which can be used to charge electrical circuits. These panels consist of multiple solar cells, each comprising layers of silicon, phosphorus (to create a negative charge), and boron (to create a positive charge). Solar panels absorb photons and generate an electrical current. The energy from photons allows electrons to break free from their atomic orbits and flow through an electric field generated by the solar cells, creating an electric current. This process is known as the photovoltaic effect. The optimal orientation for solar panels is facing south. Panels oriented between southwest to southeast experience a 5% decrease in efficiency, while panels outside this range face greater energy losses.
Smart Lighting
Smart bulbs are a new generation of lighting systems that particularly appeal to technology enthusiasts, especially in smart environments, offering high functionality. These bulbs, utilizing smart technology, wireless connectivity, and artificial intelligence, are controllable and adjustable. The intensity of light, color, scheduled on and off times, and other lighting settings can be changed using these bulbs. Energy Saving: Smart bulbs are typically made using LED diodes, which consume significantly less energy compared to traditional bulbs.
Advantages of Smart Bulbs:
1. Programmable scheduling capabilities
2. Remote control functionality
3. Automatic adjustment based on ambient light levels
These features contribute to significant energy savings. Even when turned off, smart bulbs consume minimal electricity to maintain network connectivity and data exchange with other smart devices, which is negligible compared to the energy wastage of old bulbs.
Smart Curtains
Smart curtains refer to those that can be controlled and managed using smart technology. These curtains can open and close automatically with specialized systems, improving light and temperature regulation within spaces. Moreover, smart curtains can be remotely controlled through smartphones or other devices, with customizable schedules for opening and closing at specific times and degrees. The Importance of Technology in Educational Design. Effective educational design requires the integration of technology. Modern technology goes beyond audiovisual equipment to include any tool that facilitates and enhances teaching. Innovative Technologies Utilized in This Project Related to Energy:
1 .Use of solar panels
2 .Utilization of surfaces for hot water production
3. Application of thermochromic glass
4. Thermochromic window coatings, commonly referred to as window shades, are installed individually for each pane of glass. These shades, alongside thermochromic glass, manage the amount of sunlight entering the building. Their system is integrated into the smart BMS (Building Management System), ensuring coordination with other smart components and environmental control.
Smart Ventilation System (SVS)
A smart ventilation system is energy-efficient, intelligent, and effective, reducing energy consumption, maintaining fresh airflow, and eliminating the need for manual control. The system optimizes air conditioning through various sensors and adjusts automatically to balance temperature disparities. If one section of the building becomes too warm or cool, the system activates automatically to correct the imbalance, negating the need for manual intervention. Advantages of Smart Ventilation Systems:
1. Occupancy-Based Vent Control: A vacant building does not need ventilation, while a crowded space requires maximum air circulation. Buildings that experience fluctuating occupancy throughout the day benefit from multi-level ventilation settings. Sensors detect increased occupancy and relay data to controllers, prompting necessary adjustments.
2. Weather-Based Adjustment: Smart ventilation systems can optimize building climate based on weather forecasts.
3. Energy Savings: Smart solutions significantly reduce overall energy consumption by shutting off air conditioning when the building is empty, using minimal energy.
Thermal CCTV Camera
A type of CCTV camera that forms images based on thermal radiation instead of light, known as thermal cameras, functions similarly to regular CCTV cameras. They focus heat radiation emitted by warm objects onto a thermal imaging chip. These cameras' sensors are sensitive to thermal radiation rather than light. Advantages of Thermal CCTV Cameras: Due to their ability to detect heat levels across different points in the environment, these cameras serve security purposes and, in this project, are connected to the smart system to report temperature statuses. This allows them to identify areas with varying temperature levels, pinpoint energy loss, and control indoor climate, thereby managing energy usage and reducing associated costs.
Smart Plugs
Smart plugs are electronic devices that connect to standard power outlets, allowing remote control of devices. Operated through mobile apps, they enable switching devices on/off, scheduling, and remote operation.
Benefits of Smart Plugs:
1. Energy Savings: Smart plugs can help save energy costs by turning off devices when not in use.
2. Safety Assurance: They contribute to the safety of individuals, especially children, as specialized covers prevent accidental contact with electricity when not in use, reducing potential harm and enhancing safety.
3-1 Description of Key Spaces in the Design
School, administrative, cultural, sports, exhibition, and service buildings each have separate entrances from four directions to prevent visitor congestion. This approach was chosen due to streets of equal capacity and traffic significance surrounding the site, aligning with traffic management criteria and preventing a traffic build-up on one side. The design forecasts access, user movement, and overall layout. Each building has a separate courtyard, with the school’s courtyard linked to the administrative and cultural buildings for quicker access and supervision of children. The four surrounding streets provide equal importance to all buildings, and distinct entrances ensure visual and functional balance. Movement Patterns and User Access: The project site incorporates the Chahar bagh pattern, creating intersecting paths at the center, serving as the main circulatory routes. This design plays a crucial role in landscape management and project oversight. Acoustic and Visual Management: Given the higher noise levels in schools, sound control is vital. External facades are designed solidly to limit external noise impact, while windows face inward courtyards to minimize street distractions. Accessibility for All: Spaces are equipped for individuals with disabilities, with tailored furniture and designated entrances ensuring inclusivity.
Courtyard and Landscape Design:
The school’s courtyard for older students is designed separately with areas for assembly, play, study, and dining. The preschool yard has distinct furniture to accommodate younger students. The sports complex, adjacent to the sports and exhibition entrance, features volleyball and table tennis courts.
Exterior Form and Entrance Design:
The exterior design aims to create a notable landmark and a sense of invitation at the entrances. The façade includes movable elements controlled by the BMS to adjust sunlight and airflow, enhancing indoor comfort. The use of yellow and black aluminum and fiberglass panels adds aesthetic and functional value.
Outdoor Stairways:
Buildings are elevated by 15 cm to create separation from the surroundings. The stairs ensure visual prominence and provide outdoor seating areas for social interaction, contributing to reduced energy use and aesthetic continuity.
Parking
In the design of the parking area for staff usage, the parking is located outside the project site near the administrative and cultural entrance due to the following reasons:
1. Noise pollution prevention: Ensuring a quieter internal environment within the site.
2. Minimizing air pollution: Eliminating the need for internal parking reduces the requirement for ventilation systems.
3. Environmental and structural benefits: Avoiding the construction of a separate parking structure prevents additional costs, minimizes environmental harm, and reduces the use of concrete and steel.
Central Courtyard and Plantation Design
The central courtyard design incorporates tall trees to fulfill the following functions:
1. Visual separation: Acting as filters to block direct sightlines between spaces.
2. Oxygen production: Enhancing air quality.
3. Wind control: Regulating airflow within the courtyard.
4. Landmark creation: Serving as visual markers in the design.
The plantation selection in the School of the Future project considers dimensions, efficiency, water and fertilizer consumption, durability, waste generation, year-round greenery, and aesthetics. The vegetation includes:
1. Palm trees: Chosen for their climate adaptability, historical significance, durability, and visual appeal.
2. Pine trees: Selected for their evergreen nature and similar attributes to palm trees.
3. Orange trees: Incorporated for their compatibility with the local climate and the color harmony offered by their fruit.
4. Dichondra: Used as a ground cover, offering advantages over traditional grass, such as superior coverage, minimal water requirements (sustained by average annual rainfall), low maintenance needs, energy savings, unique texture, and resistance to wear and tear.
Wall Design
The design of the walls eliminates sharp corners by employing curved forms. This ensures:
1. Safety: Preventing injuries due to the high activity levels of school-aged children.
2. Ease of movement: Simplifying cleaning and material transport within the facility.
3. Aesthetic consistency: Creating harmony between indoor and outdoor spaces.
Structural Shell
A functional filter space measuring 1.2 meters is planned above the building’s finished roof structure. This space serves multiple purposes:
1. Thermal insulation: Acting as a secondary shell to prevent heat transfer to the main roof, thereby reducing energy consumption for cooling.
2. Storage: Providing space for water tanks and backup power reserves.
Water Management
Surface water management is achieved by installing drains on the roof to collect rainwater. Each building has its own water tank positioned above the structural roof. These tanks:
- Heat water naturally using solar energy.
- Utilize gravity to ensure adequate water pressure, reducing energy consumption and eliminating mechanical wear.
Excess rainwater, when tanks are full, is directed through overflow pipes to graywater reservoirs in the utility section of the service building. This water is repurposed for internal sanitary use and landscape irrigation.
Future Building Structure and Environmental Considerations
The Future Building, designed for a school environment accommodating children and large gatherings, is classified as a high-importance structure under Code 2800. Considering the project's objective to create an earthquake-resistant and environmentally friendly building, we identified the necessity for a structural system that ensures maximum safety against natural hazards while promoting environmental compatibility. These considerations are divided into two main categories: structural systems and environmental measures.
Structural Systems for the Future Building
In the seismic design aspect, seismic isolators have been employed at the base of the structure’s columns. For the overall structural system, a moment-resisting frame has been utilized. For the roofing system, considering the large spans and the need to reduce the weight of the structure, waffle slabs have been adopted. The columns are designed with circular cross-sections, selected based on architectural considerations. To reduce roof weight and overall concrete usage, lightweight concrete (green concrete) has been used for beams, which are designed to match the thickness of the roof. These beams not only support the imposed loads but also feature minimal architectural projections, resulting in more aesthetically pleasing ceilings. For the external walls and parts of the internal walls, the ICF (Insulated Concrete Formwork) wall system has been employed. This system functions similarly to shear walls, allowing for larger spans and smaller beam dimensions. Additionally, these walls have a reduced thickness and require minimal reinforcement, which leads to a significant reduction in wall weight and consequently decreases the overall structural weight.
Environmental Considerations
The structure incorporates modern materials and technologies (detailed descriptions of each are provided below) that contribute to: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, Enhanced sound insulation, Improved thermal insulation, Minimizing environmental pollution. Additionally, the industrialization of certain structural elements has increased the speed and quality of construction while reducing environmental impacts. The structure of the "Building of the Future," leveraging advanced materials and modern structural systems, features reduced weight and smaller structural elements. Furthermore, the structure is entirely earthquake-resistant and offers a very high level of safety against both natural and man-made hazards.
2-1- Column Layout of the Architectural Design for All Floors
2-3- What are the structural materials (steel, concrete, etc.) considered for the building frame? Have any innovative or unconventional structural materials been considered? Please provide explanations regarding the reasons for using them
Modern Materials and Tools in the Structure of the Future Building
1. Green Concrete
2. Space Frame Roof
3. ICF Permanent Formwork
4. Fast Tube Column Forms
Green Concrete
Green concrete is a type of concrete that is similar to regular concrete but is produced using minimal energy and causes the least environmental harm. During the production process of green concrete, waste and by-products are used, which reduces the consumption of raw materials and energy for its production. Green concrete (eco-concrete) also lowers carbon dioxide emissions and facilitates the reuse of waste accumulation. Green concrete is often cost-effective due to the use of waste products as alternative materials to cement, and the disposal of these wastes does not incur significant costs. With an optimized mix design, green concrete offers higher compressive strength compared to regular concrete, and its weight is also lighter than conventional concrete.
Green Architectural Patterns
1. Indoor Environmental Quality and Health
2. Maximum Energy Efficiency and Storage
3. Maximum Use of Renewable Materials
Advantages of Green Concrete
1. Reduction of Greenhouse Gas CO2 Emissions
2. Eduction in Raw Material Production and Conservation of Natural Resources
3. Lower Cost Compared to Regular Concrete
4. Lighter Weight Compared to Regular Concrete
5. Higher Compressive Strength Compared to Regular Concrete
6. Lower Energy Consumption in Green Concrete Production
7. Smaller Structural Element Dimensions and Reduced Steel (Rebar) Consumption
8. Sound and Thermal Insulation
9. Fire Resistance
Materials Used in Green Concrete
1. Fly Ash
2. Microsilica
3. Portland Cement
4. Water
5. Slag
6. Glass Waste
7. Crushed Concrete (Concrete Waste)
8. Stone Powder
9. Sand and Gravel
Considering all the factors mentioned, green concrete possesses all the necessary attributes for use in this project.
Space Frame Roof
As previously mentioned, in order to prevent direct sunlight exposure and the subsequent transfer of heat to the interior space by increasing the temperature of the structural ceiling, we have planned and designed the project with a secondary shell made using a space frame structure. This helps manage solar radiation and energy while also creating a storage space above the buildings.
ICF Permanent Formwork
The ICF (Insulated Concrete Form) building system is a load-bearing wall system, where the concrete walls contain permanent formwork that, after the pouring of concrete, becomes part of the wall and serves as thermal insulation. The ICF system is used in the future building project for both load-bearing walls and for sound and thermal insulation. These walls are capable of creating larger openings and are pre-manufactured in factories, offering a very high construction speed. The use of rebar within these walls is minimal, and they are filled with green concrete. Due to their thin thickness, these walls reduce concrete consumption.
ICF System Components
1. Expandable Polystyrene
2. Polypropylene Connector Clips
3. Horizontal and Vertical Rebars
4. Concrete (Green Concrete)

Economic Benefits of the ICF System
1. Quick Return on Investment due to High Construction Speed
2. Reduced Energy Costs due to Continuous Insulation
3. Lower Labor Costs due to Reduced Workforce and Elimination of Skilled Labor Requirements
4. Reduced Equipment Costs

Technical Benefits of the ICF System
1. High Construction Speed Compared to Traditional Methods Due to Simplicity of Execution, No Need for Ceiling Shoring, and No Need for Structural Framework
2. No Need for Heavy Machinery
3. Greater Structural Strength and Earthquake Resistance Due to the System's Integration
4. Energy Efficiency Due to Continuous Insulation and the Thermal Mass of Concrete
5. Sound Insulation of up to 45 dB (Due to Thick Concrete Walls and Minimal Gaps Within the Walls)
6. Thermal Insulation of 75-82%
7. Moisture Insulation of up to 90%
8. Elimination of Material Waste and Construction Debris
9. Concrete Pouring Possible in Various Temperature Conditions
10. Fire Resistance (According to ASTM Standard E119, the ICF System’s Fire Resistance is Estimated to Exceed 2 Hours)
11. Capability for Various Interior and Exterior Finishes
12. Compatibility with Various Materials, Structures, and Roof Types
13. Increased Speed in Installing Doors, Windows, Wiring, and Plumbing
14. Resistance to Moisture, Bacteria, Efflorescence, Material Leaks, Wear and Tear, Rust, UV Radiation, as well as Pests, Rodents, and Reptiles
15. Environmental-Friendly, Reducing Fuel Consumption and Ecological Harm During Manufacturing
Fast Tube Column Formwork
These formworks are made from high-density, high-strength polyethylene, and are highly adaptable, suitable for columns of any cross-section. They have no seams, do not allow concrete slurry to pass through, and are easily plumbed. These formworks speed up construction, and because they are lightweight, they make transportation more cost-effective and convenient.
Advantages of Using Fast Tube Formwork
1. Prevents Concrete Slurry Leakage
2. Quick Execution
3. Very Low Weight and Easy Transportation
4. High Resistance to Concrete Pressure
5. Cost-Effective
4-2 What is the precise weight of the architectural components (non-structural) broken down by the materials used?
Total Length of External ICF Walls: 3000 m
Height of ICF Walls: 4.2 m
Total Thickness of ICF Walls: 20 cm
Density of ICF Wall Formwork: 25 kg/m³
Total Thickness of ICF Formwork (on both sides): 12 cm
Density of Green Concrete (Lightweight Concrete): 1800 kg/m³
Density of Steel: 7850 kg/m³
Length of Reinforcement Used in ICF Walls (8mm): 27,000 m
Density of Microcement: 1600 kg/m³
Microcement Thickness: 2 cm
Total Weight of ICF Walls, Considering Material Densities: 1,946,000 kg = 1,946 tons
Total Weight of Curtain Wall with Smart Glass
Curtain Wall Thickness: 15 cm
Density of Curtain Wall: 3.75 kg/m³
Total Length of Curtain Wall: 1950 m
Density of Smart Glass (12 mm): 35 kg/m²
Height of Curtain Wall: 4.2 m
Total Weight of Curtain Wall: 260,000 kg = 260 tons
The weight of the interior drywall walls
Drywall Thickness: 10 cm
Density of Drywall: 5.83 kg/m²
Height of Drywall: 4.2 m
Total Length of Drywall: 6576 m
Total Weight of Drywall: 161,019 kg = 161 tons
Total Weight of Wooden Doors
Number of Doors: 136
Dimensions of Doors: 70x220 cm
Effective Thickness of Doors: 3 cm
Density of Wood: 750 kg/m³
Total Weight of Doors: 4712 kg
5-2 Estimate of Structural Element Weight (Including Beams and Columns) Based on Estimated Dimensions and Selected Materials for Structural Elements
Total Weight of Beams Based on Estimated Dimensions
Total length of longitudinal reinforcement (16 mm): 15,200 m
Total length of beams: 1,900 m
Total length of transverse reinforcement (8 mm): 507 m
Beam dimensions: 30x30 cm
Total volume of beam reinforcement: 33.081 m³
Total volume of beams: 3,171 m³
Density of steel reinforcement: 7,850 kg/m³
Density of green concrete (lightweight concrete): 1,800 kg/m³
Total weight of beam reinforcement: 24,186 kg
Total weight of concrete in beams: 302,255 kg
Total weight of structural beams = weight of reinforcement + weight of concrete
Total weight of beams: 326,441 kg
Total Weight of Columns Based on Estimated Dimensions
Total length of longitudinal reinforcement (18 mm): 7,284 m
Total length of columns: 607 m
Total length of transverse reinforcement (10 mm): 4,400 m
Column dimensions (diameter): 40 cm
Total volume of column reinforcement: 1.855 m³
Total volume of columns: 305 m³
Density of steel reinforcement: 7,850 kg/m³
Density of green concrete (lightweight concrete): 1,800 kg/m³
Total weight of column reinforcement: 14,562 kg
Total weight of concrete in columns: 545,661 kg
Total weight of structural columns = weight of reinforcement + weight of concrete
Total weight of columns: 560,223 kg
Total Weight of Two-Way Waffle Ceiling
Density of steel reinforcement: 7,850 kg/m³
Density of green concrete (lightweight concrete): 1,800 kg/m³
Weight of ceiling per square meter: 283 kg
Total area of waffle ceiling: 3,667 m²
Total weight of waffle ceiling: 1,037,761 kg = 1,037.8 tons
7-2 Based on the previous items, estimate the average total weight per square meter of the floor area.
The average weight of the structure per square meter of the floor area = 977.7 kg.
8-2 What type of gravity load-bearing system (roof) has been considered for the proposed design? Please explain the reason for its use.
For the roof system, considering the large spans and the need to reduce the weight of the structure, a waffle slab ceiling has been used.
Waffle Slab
A waffle slab is a type of concrete slab with a modern, grid-like appearance, used in large spans. To construct this structure, special forms called waffle forms are used. These forms are reusable and can be used for the entire project during the construction process. The result of using such a system is a reduction in the dead weight of the structure. Green concrete is used in the waffle slab, which reduces the weight of the roof and increases its compressive strength. For tensile resistance, rebar is placed in the bottom section of the slab, in the spaces between the forms, to carry the tensile load, functioning like beams. Additionally, thermal rebar is placed above the forms. In the future building structure, a double-sided waffle slab has been planned, capable of bearing loads in both directions.
Advantages of the Waffle Slab:
1. Larger spans can be achieved economically and environmentally with less material.
2. Higher load-bearing capacity compared to other types of slabs.
3. Savings in weight and material used in construction.
4. Good vibration control capacity.
5. Attractive appearance.
6. Lightweight nature of slab ceilings.
7. Reusability of waffle slab molds.
8. Fast construction and installation process.
9-2 What type of lateral load-bearing system has been considered for the proposed design? Please explain the reason for its use.
In the seismic section, seismic isolators are used at the base of the structure's columns, and the overall structural system employs a moment-resisting frame.
The reason for using a moment-resisting frame is the need for high rigidity in the structure. This means that to transfer lateral forces from the roof to the beam, from the beam to the column, and from the column to the foundation, the moment-resisting frame is used. The moment-resisting frame system resists lateral forces through the bending, shear, and axial actions of the beams and columns, transferring them to the building's foundation. This system is capable of withstanding lateral forces while allowing relative deformations between floors, without damaging the beams and columns, and transferring the forces to the foundation.
Seismic Isolators
When an earthquake occurs, the strong ground motion applies severe horizontal forces to structures, which in some cases leads to their destruction and collapse. A seismic isolator, acting as a flexible shock absorber between the foundation and the building structure, helps to bear the building's weight and significantly prevents the severe horizontal vibrations from transferring to the structure. These isolators are designed and manufactured separately in a factory and are used in the workshop to connect the foundation to the column base plates. There are various types of seismic isolators, each designed to dissipate seismic forces in different ways. For the future building project, seismic isolators designed and produced by Sharif University of Technology have been planned for use.
Seismic Isolator Components
1. Elastomeric bearings (with or without lead core)
2. Sliding friction bearings
3. Roller bearings
Advantages of Seismic Isolators
1. Requires smaller structural elements and fewer deformable details.
2. Protects all building occupants and their material and immaterial assets during an earthquake.
3. Allows continuous use and serviceability of the building after an earthquake.
4. Enables revenue generation from such buildings due to their continuous operational performance.
5. In developed countries, insurance costs for these buildings are reduced by up to 30%.
6. Lower reconstruction and repair costs in the event of an earthquake.
7. Economic and social benefits from the use of these buildings, considering the peace of mind they provide.
8. Helps preserve historic sites and cultural heritage.
9. Increases the primary period of the structure.
10. Reduces the energy transferred to the structure.
11. Reduces structural damages and losses.
12. Ensures the peace of mind of building occupants during an earthquake.
10-2 Please provide details about the construction method. What is your estimate for the construction time of the building structure?
In this structure, the conventional method will be used for the foundation. Seismic isolators will be placed on the foundation, designed and installed by the manufacturer. For the construction of columns, Fast Tube forms will be used, with full details provided in the materials section. For the construction of concrete beams, conventional methods will be employed. The ceiling, which is a waffle slab, has been fully explained in previous questions. The space frame construction will be carried out by the manufacturer. The method for constructing ICF walls has been fully described in the materials section. The estimated construction time for the structure is 1 year, and the complete project is estimated to be finished in approximately 2 years.

11-2 Please provide an explanation regarding the economic justification of the building structure and its construction.
In the Future Building project, cost-effective materials and structural systems such as waffle slab ceilings, green concrete, ICF walls, and others (fully detailed in the previous questions) have been used. However, in some parts of the structure, such as the seismic isolators, we prioritized safety and invested in this area by saving on other parts of the project. The additional cost for this is minimal and does not significantly affect the overall cost-effectiveness of the structure. Full details are provided in the seismic isolator section.
12-2 If the proposed design offers special advantages compared to conventional structural designs, please introduce and explain them (e.g., use of specific technologies, etc.).
This structure incorporates a seismic isolator system, which is not typically used in conventional structures.
Full details have been provided in the previous questions and the seismic isolator section.
Energy Optimization and Sustainable Building Report
1-3 Explanation of Building Layout for Optimal Utilization of Natural Energy Resources and Reduction of Natural Cooling and Heating Load (Passive Design)
According to the information provided above, the positioning of the buildings in the Future School complex has been designed in a way that utilizes the mass and volume of the buildings. By placing them on the outer edges and with the external envelopes, and positioning these elements together, central courtyards are created. With the movement of the sun throughout the day, a controllable shaded and semi-shaded space is provided, enabling activities related to the building's usage for its occupants.
2-3 Explanation of the Consideration Given to Directing Natural Light into the Building and Using Shading Elements in the Design
This section also elaborates on the architectural elements designed to manage light and shadow, as explained in previous sections. It can be added that one of the most important aspects of the theoretical foundations of the Future School project has been the management of light, shadow, and its control. Therefore, through the design of solid facades, enclosures, patios, and proper proportions of heights, alongside light analysis using relevant software, the desired and controlled light and shadow were achieved in the project.
3-3 Explanation of How Building Materials in the Envelope Are Chosen for Their Thermal and Cooling Load Value (Low Latent Energy) in Accordance with the Climate
Regarding the building materials in various sections, detailed explanations have been provided. In terms of thermal and cooling load values, it can be added that the external walls of the project are made from ICF walls, which, along with their seismic design, include insulating layers to control temperature and energy. Additionally, sound insulation has been incorporated due to the importance of noise control in the school environment. For the interior walls, dry walls (DRY WALL) have been used, which, along with their light weight, also feature sound-insulating layers similar to the exterior walls. By using standard materials and referencing manufacturer documents, it can be stated that thermally and acoustically, considering the climatic conditions and the function of the Future School, the building materials are appropriately chosen.
4-3 Explanation of Provisions for the Easy Installation of Solar Panels for Power Supply and Solar Water Heaters, Without Adversely Affecting the Building's Appearance
Given the positioning of storage resources, which are not accessible to the public, their visual exposure from the human perspective is minimized, with better maintenance access and security. Moreover, as they are more exposed to sunlight, the roof area of the complex was selected for the placement of energy collection systems. In the conceptual documents of the project, all objects on the roof are located beneath the roof's surface for better access to solar energy for water heating. If necessary, and with the use of movable solar panel bases, the panels can be repositioned to match the varying needs for hot water or electricity.
5-3 Explanation of the Use of Suitable Colors for Building Envelope Materials and Low Emissivity Glass for the Absorption or Rejection of Ambient Light
In the finishes of the internal and external envelopes, the interior walls and ceiling are painted with matte light yellow and light gray, both of which are light colors designed to minimize dependency on artificial lighting and energy. Additionally, this choice helps reduce minor wear due to the building's use. For the flooring in internal spaces, light gray epoxy has been used. On the external facade, to harmonize with the overall design, a light gray matte microcement finish has been applied. Yellow-colored rings and other areas are painted with a matte finish, and the footpath around the rings uses a matte epoxy coating.
6-3 Explanation of the Proposed Sections for Walls and Ceilings Suitable for Sound and Thermal Insulation
External Wall Materials
Internal Wall Materials
Dry Wall (DRY WALL): This refers to a type of wall that does not require wet construction materials such as plaster or cement during installation. These walls consist of a layer of gypsum sandwiched between two layers of paper or cardboard. To install these walls, vertical and horizontal channels (studs) are used. First, horizontal channels are placed along the floor and ceiling, using plumb lines or laser levels and are fastened with a gas gun and steel nails. Then, vertical channels are inserted between the horizontal channels, spaced 40 to 60 cm apart (depending on the wall's purpose), and screwed into place. Due to the modular connections of these walls, they have good flexibility during earthquakes. These walls are used as internal dividers and are not load-bearing. Due to their light weight, they reduce dead load by 35% and decrease seismic force. This special construction system is very light, significantly reducing the weight of high-rise buildings
The questions for the Smart Technology section of the Impact Report.
1-4 Explanation of proposed ideas in the plan for optimizing energy consumption in buildings using smart systems such as heating and cooling control systems, smart lighting, and energy consumption management systems.
Building operations contribute to nearly a third of global energy consumption and a similar share in greenhouse gas emissions. In Iran, energy consumed by buildings accounts for more than 40% of the country's total energy consumption. Today, environmental protection, fossil fuel conservation, and sustainable development have become critical and widespread global concerns, with the building envelope playing an essential role as the outermost layer of a building, interacting most directly with environmental factors.
BMS (Building Management System)
This project utilizes a Building Management System (BMS), which is designed to monitor building activities and automatically make necessary adjustments based on environmental changes. The system is designed for a variety of building types, including office, sports, school, and service buildings. It oversees all activities such as opening and closing doors, monitoring people’s entry and exit (via CCTV), lighting systems, HVAC systems, windows, curtains, audiovisual systems, and more. The benefits of using this system in this project include :Energy saving and reduced maintenance costs: The use of smart systems can reduce energy consumption and operating costs by an average of 20%. In addition to reducing energy consumption, the system also helps decrease wear and tear on devices, increasing their lifespan and reducing related costs. Safety: In critical situations, the system can send alerts in a timely manner, helping to prevent incidents and mitigate their impact. Emergency messages can be automatically sent to relevant individuals or authorities. Additionally, controlling doors and entry points, integrated with surveillance cameras and access control devices, significantly enhances system security . Enhanced comfort and convenience: This system can handle repetitive tasks and inspections automatically. For example, it can turn on lights and fans when people are present, automate irrigation systems for green spaces, and even activate predefined settings with the press of a button. It can also maintain optimal temperature, light, and humidity levels. A building equipped with a BMS is often referred to as a "smart building." This system allows residents to use devices more efficiently, enhancing security and comfort while also contributing to energy savings. These buildings integrate four main elements systems, structure, services, and management creating a dynamic and cost-effective environment.
Solar Panels
These panels, mounted on the roof, intelligently adjust their orientation to follow the sun’s movement . Function: Solar panels capture renewable energy and convert it into electricity, which can then be used to power electrical circuits Solar panels consist of several photovoltaic cells, each made of layers of silicon, phosphorus (to create a negative charge), and boron (to create a positive charge). The panels absorb photons, creating an electric current. The energy from the photons enables electrons to break free from their atomic orbitals and move through the electric field created by the solar cells. This process is known as the photovoltaic effect The ideal orientation for solar panels is south. Panels installed in a southwest to southeast range lose about 5% of their efficiency, and energy loss increases outside of this range.
Smart Lighting
Smart lighting is a new generation of lights designed for tech enthusiasts, especially within smart environments, offering high efficiency. These lights, using smart technologies, wireless networks, and artificial intelligence, can be controlled and adjusted. The intensity, color, on/off scheduling, and other settings can be customized. Energy savings: Smart bulbs are typically made with LED technology, consuming less energy compared to older types of bulbs.
Advantages of smart lighting:
1. Programmable scheduling
2. Remote control
3. Automatic light adjustment based on ambient brightness
Even when turned off, smart lights use minimal energy to maintain an internet connection and exchange data with other smart devices, which is negligible compared to the energy wastage of older light bulbs.
Smart Ventilation System (SVS)
An energy-efficient, self-sufficient system that reduces energy consumption, keeps airflow fresh, and eliminates the need for manual control. It optimizes HVAC systems using multiple sensors. Automatic adjustment: When a section of the building becomes too hot or cold, the system activates to restore balance. No manual adjustments are required.
Benefits of Smart Ventilation Systems :
1. Vent control based on occupancy: Buildings with varying occupancy require dynamic ventilation settings throughout the day.
2. Climate adjustment based on weather forecasts: These systems can optimize indoor climates for the next day based on weather predictions.
3. Energy savings: A smart ventilation solution significantly reduces total energy consumption by shutting off HVAC systems when the building is empty and minimizing energy use.
Thermal CCTV Camera
This type of CCTV uses thermal energy instead of light to form images. The structure of thermal cameras is similar to regular CCTV cameras, but instead of being sensitive to light, the sensor responds to thermal radiation.
Advantages: These cameras can detect temperature variations in different areas, and in this project, they are connected to the smart system to report temperature status. They help identify energy wastage points and manage temperature control, thus aiding in energy management and reducing costs.
Smart Outlet
A smart outlet plugs into regular electrical sockets, allowing remote control of devices. These outlets often work via mobile apps, enabling you to turn devices on or off, schedule them, or control them from a distance.
Benefits:
1. Energy savings: Devices can be turned off when not in use, saving on energy costs.
2. Security: Smart outlets help protect people, especially children, from accidental electric shocks by providing safety covers when not in use.
2-4 Explanation of proposed ideas in the plan for utilizing redundancy with smart technology such as smart windows, adjustable roofs, and multifunctional spaces.
Smart Movable Fabric
In this project, we have designed intelligent shading systems that prevent unwanted solar radiation during the hot months by moving in response to the sun's rotation. These systems can reduce indoor lighting by one-third, reducing the cooling load while maintaining optimal light intensity. In colder months, the shades open to allow sunlight to enter. These shades are controlled via the BMS system, allowing remote control of the shades. They adjust based on sunlight intensity, using sensors to determine whether to open or close.
Thermochromic Windows
In this project, thermochromic glass is used to reduce solar heat gain. These windows change color in response to temperature changes, helping to reduce direct sunlight and maintain internal cooling. Thermochromic systems are made of layers of glass with special pigments that change color with temperature changes. This change happens automatically when the temperature exceeds a specific threshold.
Smart Curtains
Smart curtains can be controlled using smart technologies, automatically adjusting to optimize light and temperature. Users can control them remotely or program their open/close times via a smartphone or other devices.
Smart Design for Energy Management
In this project, energy-saving technologies such as solar panels, thermochromic glass, and smart curtains are integrated. The system allows the adjustment of these elements to optimize energy consumption and interior comfort through the BMS system.
3-4 Explanation of proposed ideas in the plan regarding the appearance and functional details that promote positive interaction with students or teachers.
In landscape design, no spaces are left isolated or distant. In buildings with a central courtyard, glass walls surround the perimeter to create visual and communicative interaction. Creating a healthy social environment relies on ensuring schools are safe and supportive. This project uses key security indicators that highlight external factors disrupting security and comfort in schools. Safe schools ensure students' physical, emotional, and psychological safety. The school structure itself should reflect these principles, ensuring a secure, supportive environment free from discrimination or exclusion.
4-4 Explanation of proposed ideas in the plan for creating smart indoor and outdoor environments using IoT technologies for managing lighting, heat, and sound.
The Internet of Things (IoT) technologies integrate moving building elements like solar panels, thermochromic windows, smart lighting, and ventilation systems. These elements, connected to a global network, adjust automatically to optimize space usage and reduce energy consumption based on sun position, temperature, and seasonal changes.

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